Gereja Tanpa Mimbar Sebuah Model Kepemimpinan Eklesial Feminis
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract: Patriarchy culture has strongly influenced the Christianity on marginalizing women, especially limiting women's leadership in the church. Biblical theorems and the church fathers' views that subordinate women are also used as reasons to perpetuate male power in the church. Women are not only blamed for being considered the origin of sin, but also seen as weak, inferior, lustful, more emotional, and less rational than men. Although the Bible also records that there were women who became apostles and leaders, but this fact did not necessarily undermine the patriarchy culture in the church. Based on that, the author criticizes the patriarchy culture in the church and reconstructs a model of church leadership that sides with women. In this article, the author proposes a church without a pulpit as a feminist ecclesial leadership model with several concepts, namely (1) the church is women and women are the church; (2) the church as a common space; (3) the church as a space for friendship; and (4) the church as a space for sharing.
Keywords: leadership, women, feminist, ecclesiology.
Abstrak: Budaya patriarki secara kuat memengaruhi Kekristenan untuk memarginalkan perempuan terkhusus membatasi kepemimpinan perempuan di dalam gereja. Dalil-dalil Alkitab dan pandangan Bapa-bapa gereja yang mensubordinasikan perempuan juga turut digunakan sebagai alat untuk melanggengkan kekuasaan laki-laki di dalam gereja. Perempuan tidak hanya disalahkan karena dianggap sebagai asal dosa namun juga dipandang lebih lemah, lebih rendah, makhluk hawa nafsu, lebih emosional, dan kurang rasional dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. Walaupun Alkitab juga mencatat ada perempuan yang menjadi rasul dan pemimpin, namun fakta ini tidak dapat meruntuhkan budaya patriarki di dalam gereja. Berdasarkan itu, penulis mengkritisi budaya patriarki di dalam gereja dan merekonstuksi model kepemimpinan gereja yang berpihak kepada perempuan. Dalam artikel ini, penulis menggagas gereja tanpa mimbar sebagai model kepemimpinan eklesial feminis dengan beberapa konsep, yaitu (1) gereja adalah perempuan dan perempuan adalah gereja; (2) gereja sebagai ruang bersama; (3) gereja sebagai ruang persahabatan, dan (4) gereja sebagai ruang berbagi.
Kata kunci: kepemimpinan, perempuan, feminis, eklesiologi.
Article Details
References
Adiprasetya, Joas. "Pastor as friend: Reinterpreting Christian Leadership." Dialog 57, No. 1 (2018): 47-52.
Barrs, Jerram. The Heart of Evanglism. Illionis: Crossway Books, 2001.
Blake, Wayne M. and Darling, Carol Anderson, “Quality of Life: Perceptions of African Americans.” Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3 (January 2000): 411-427.
Bright, Lurie Lyter. “Woman in a Man’s Pulpit: Incarnating Feminism in a Black and White Collar.” Feminist Theology Vol.27 No.1 (2018): 103-110.
Deenik-Moolhuizen, Jeannette M. "Solidarity of the Church with Women." Exchange 20, No. 1 (1991): 75-83.
Dunn, Goeffrey D. Tertullian. London: Routledge, 2004.
Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler. Untuk Mengenang Perempuan Itu: Rekonstruksi Teologis Feminis Tentang Asal-usul Kekristenan. Translated by Stephen Suleeman. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 1997.
Harvey, Susan Ashbrook. "Searching the Scriptures: A Feminist Commentary." Edited by Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza. London: SCM Press Ltd, 1995.
Harvey, Susan Ashbrook and David G. Hunter. The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Hilkert, Mary Catherine. “Feminist Theology: A Review of Literature.” Theological Studies 56, No. 2 (June 1995): 327–52.
Johnson, Elisabeth A., She Who Is: The Mystery of God in Feminist Theological Discourse. United States of America: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1992.
Knödel, Natalie. “The Church as a Woman or Women Being Church? Ecclesiology and Theological Anthropology in Feminist Dialogue.” Theology & Sexuality 1997, No. 7 (Januari 1997): 103–19.
McGowan, Andrew Brian. Ancient Christian Worship: Early Church Practices in Social, Historical, and Theological Perspective. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2014.
McGrath, Alister E. Historical Theology: An Introduction to History of Christian Thought. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Neumann, Peter D. Pentecostal Experience: An Ecumenical Encounter. La Vergne: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2012.
Robinson, Julia Marie. Race, Religion, and the Pulpit. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2015.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford. “The Emergence of Christian Feminist Theology.” In The Cambridge Companion to Feminist Theology, edited by Susan Frank Parsons. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Russel, Letty M. and J. Shannon Clarkson. Dictionary of Feminist Theologies. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminter Jhon Knox Press, 1996.
Russell, Letty M. Church in the Round: Feminist Interpretation of the Church. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/ John Knox Press, 1993.
Trigg, Joseph Wilson. Origen. London: Routledge, 1998.
Turman, Eboni Marshall. “Black and Blue: Uncovering the Ecclesial Cover-up of Black Women’s Bodies through a Womanist Reimagining of the Doctrine of the Incarnation,” in Remagining with Christian Doctrines: Responding to Global Gender Injudices, Grace Ji-Sun Kim and Jenny Daggers eds., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Schweitzer, Ivy. “Making Equals: Classical Philia and Women's Friendship.” Feminist Studies Vol. 42, No. 2. (2016): 337-364.
Warrington, Keith. Pentecostal Theology: A Theology of Encounter. New York: T & T Clark, 2008.
Watson, Natalie. "Faithful Dissenters?: Feminist Ecclesiologies and Dissent." Scottish Journal of Theology 51, no. 4 (1998): 464-484.
_________"Reconsidering Ecclesiology: Feminist Perspectives." Theology & Sexuality 2001, No. 14 (2001): 59-77.
Wood, Hannelie. "Feminists and Their Perspectives on the Church Father's Belief Regarding Women: An Inquiry." Verbum et Ecclesia 38, No. 1 (2017): 1-10.